Applied Research On Field Crop Disease Control 2006

Author: P.M. Phipps, Extension Plant Pathologist, Tidewater Agricultural Research & Extension Center, Suffolk, Virginia Tech

Publication Number: 424-236, posted August 2007

POLICY FOR ACCEPTANCE OF PESTICIDES FOR TESTING

Research on the synthesis and exploration of agricultural chemicals and biotechnology for use in pest control continues to provide new materials for field evaluation. Compounds are made available by universities and private companies for local research in a variety of ways; ranging from a sample with a code number to a thoroughly tested material with secure patents, technical data sheets, and comprehensive résumés of results of laboratory and field trials. Unfortunately, it is not possible for a scientist to include all materials and use patterns in a field research demonstration program. Therefore, materials are selected according to (i) the overall need for a product in a particular crop or problem area and (ii) the overall promise of the material to improve crop management at the local level.

Before a material can be accepted for testing, the following descriptive information is required: (i) a list of the spectrum of biological activity, (ii) data on phytotoxicity and suggested rates of application, (iii) methods of application, (iv) formulations available, (v) mammalian toxicity (LD50), (vi) possible health hazards, and (vii) possible hazards to the environment. Additional information that would be desirable includes: (i) identity of the active ingredient(s) and inert materials, (ii) physical properties (solubility, MP, VP, stability, etc.), (iii) residue information, (iv) residual soil life, (v) EPA residue tolerance (if any) and registration status, (vi) patent status, and (vii) unit cost in commercial markets.

Upon completion of field applications, it is the sponsor’s responsibility to dispose of all unused test materials. Because of limited space in controlled pesticide storage facilities and expenses associated with shipping and disposal, all sponsors are encouraged to ship no more than 1.5 times the anticipated quantity needed to complete a test.

LIST OF COOPERATORS AND CONTRIBUTORS

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station

R.D. Ashburn, Farm Manager, Tidewater AREC
Benjy Cline, Department of Entomology
Dennis L. Coker, Tidewater AREC
Jon D. Eisenback, Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science
Joel Faircloth, Tidewater AREC
Elizabeth A. Grabau, Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science
D. Ames Herbert, Jr., Tidewater AREC
Steve Rideout, Eastern Shore AREC

Faculty at other Universities

Bill Branch, Peanut Breeder, University Georgia
Dan Gorbet, Peanut Breeder, University Florida
Tom Islieb, Peanut Breeder, North Carolina State University

County Extension Agents

Wes Alexander, Southampton County
Glenn F. Chappell, II, Prince George County
Rex Cotten, City of Suffolk
Cindy Estienne, Greensville, County
Glenn Rountree, Isle of Wight County
Kelvin Wells, Sussex County

Growers and/or land owners

Commodity Groups and Organizations

Cotton Incorporated
Cotton Foundation, Seedling Disease and Nematode Control Committees
Virginia Cotton Board
National Cottonseed Treatment Program
Southern Plant Disease Diagnostic Network
National Peanut Board
Virginia Peanut Board
Virginia Agricultural Council
Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station
Virginia Department of Agriculture

Private Companies

AgraQuest Inc., Davis, California
Amvac Chemical Corp, Newport Beach, California
BASF Corp., Raleigh, North Carolina
Bayer CropScience, Kansas City, Missouri
Birdsong Peanuts, Franklin, Virginia
Cerexagri, Inc., King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
Dow AgroSciences, LLC, Midland, Michigan
E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Delaware
Micro Flo Company, Memphis, Tennessee
Sipcam Agro, Inc., Roswell, Georgia
Syngenta Crop Protection, Wilmington, Delaware
Tessenderlo Kerley, Inc., Eufaula, Alabama
Valent U.S.A. Corp., Cary, North Carolina

(All files below are available in PDF format and require the Adobe Acrobat Reader to open. If you do not already have the Reader installed on your computer, you can download a free copy from Adobe.)

Table of Contents

• INTRODUCTION
  Table 1. Comparison of rainfall, peanut heat units (DD56), and cotton degree-days (DD60) in 2006 to records for the previous four years and averages of historical records
  Table 2. Crop production statistics in year of record yield compared to 2006
  Table 3. Estimated loss in yield as a result of peanut diseases in 2006
  Table 4. Estimated loss in yield as a result of soybean diseases in 2006
  Table 5. Estimated loss of yield to cotton diseases in 2006
  
  
• EVALUATION OF FUNGICIDES FOR CONTROL OF FOLIAR DISEASES IN WHEAT (WHEAT106 - Tidewater AREC Research Farm, Suffolk)
  Table 6. Effect of fungicide treatments on severity of foliar disease in wheat on 17 April
  Table 7. Effect of fungicide treatments on severity of foliar disease in wheat on 11 May
  Table 8. Effect of fungicide treatments on severity of foliar disease in wheat on 24 May
  Table 9. Effect of fungicide treatments on yield and test weight in wheat
  
  
• BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF FOLIAR DISEASES OF WHEAT WITH AND WITHOUT A REDUCED RATE OF FUNGICIDE (WHEAT206 - Tidewater AREC Research Farm, Suffolk).
  Table 10. Effect of treatments on foliar disease in wheat on 17 April
  Table 11. Effect of treatments on foliar disease in wheat on 11 May
  Table 12. Effect of treatments on foliar disease in wheat on 23 May
  Table 13. Effect of treatments on yield and test weight in wheat
  
  
• THE EFFECT OF PLANTING DATE, WEATHER CONDITIONS AND IN-FURROW FUNGICIDE ON EMERGENCE AND GROWTH OF COTTON (COTPD06 - Tidewater AREC Research Farm, Suffolk)
  Table 14. Rainfall and soil temperature after planting cotton
  Table 15. Accumulated degree days (DD60) and rainfall from planting to harvest (21 Oct)
  Table 16. Effect of planting date and in-furrow fungicide on emergence and growth of cotton
  Table 17. Effect of planting date and in-furrow fungicide on flower counts and number of nodes and bolls
  Table 18. Effect of planting date and in-furrow fungicide on yield of cotton
  
  
• NATIONAL COTTON SEED TREATMENT TEST – VIRGINIA LOCATION (COTSEED106 - Tidewater AREC Research Farm, Suffolk)
  Table 19. Effect of seed treatment on emergence and yield of cotton
  
  
• BAYER COTTON SEED TREATMENT TEST (COTSEED 206 - Tidewater AREC Research farm)
  Table 20. Effect of seed and in-furrow treatments on emergence of cotton
  Table 21. Effect of seed and in-furrow treatments on seedling disease
  Table 22. Effect of seed and in-furrow treatments on growth of cotton
  Table 23. Effect of seed and in-furrow treatments on flowering of cotton
  Table 24. Effect of seed and in-furrow treatments on number of open bolls in cotton
  Table 25. Effect of seed and in-furrow treatments on yield of cotton
  
  
• IMPACT OF PLANTING DATE AND STAND REDUCTIONS ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF COTTON (COTSTAND06 - Tidewater AREC Research Farm, Suffolk)
  Table 26. Plant populations and growth of cotton
  Table 27. Effect of planting date and stand reductions on yield of cotton
  
  
• RESPONSE OF COTTON TO NEMATICIDE TREATMENTS (COTNEMA606 - Tidewater AREC Research Farm, Suffolk)
  Table 28. Effect of selected treatments on nematode populations
  Table 29. Effect of treatment on emergence and growth in cotton
  Table 30. Effect of treatment on thrips injury and flowering in cotton
  Table 31. Effect of treatments on yield of cotton
  
  
• RESPONSE OF COTTON VARIETIES TO AVICTA COMPLETE PAK ON SEED AND TEMIK 15G IN-FURROW (COTNEMA206 - Rick Morgan Farm, Suffolk)
  Table 32. Effect of treatments on emergence, growth, flowering, and number of bolls in cotton
  Table 33. Effect of treatments on nematode populations in cotton
  Table 34. Effect of treatment and variety selection on root galling and yield in cotton
  
  
• EVALUATION OF BAYER NEMATICIDES ON COTTON SEED FOR NEMATODE CONTROL (COTNEMA306 - Rick Morgan Farm, Suffolk)
  Table 35. Effect of treatments on emergence and growth of cotton
  Table 36. Effect of treatments on number of flowers and number of total and open bolls
  Table 37. Effect of treatment and variety selection on nematode populations in cotton
  Table 38. Effect of treatments on root galling of cotton
  Table 39. Effect of treatments on yield of cotton
  
  
• EVALUATION OF SYNGENTA NEMATICIDES ON COTTON SEED FOR NEMATODE CONTROL (COTNEMA506 - Rick Morgan Farm, Suffolk)
  Table 40. Effect of treatments on emergence and growth of cotton
  Table 41. Effect of treatments on stunting and number of open bolls in cotton
  Table 42. Effect of treatments on nematode populations in cotton
  Table 43. Effect of treatments on root galling and yield of cotton
  
  
• RESPONSE OF COTTON TO NEMATICIDE TREATMENTS (COTNEMA406 - Jason Holland Farm, Suffolk)
  Table 44. Effect of treatment on nematode populations
  Table 45. Effect of treatment on emergence and growth in cotton
  Table 46. Effect of treatment on thrips injury, flowering, and earliness in cotton
  Table 47. Effect of treatment on yield of cotton
  
  
• RESPONSE OF COTTON TO NEMATICIDE TREATMENTS (COTNEMA106 - R.L. Smith Farm, Branchville)
  Table 48. Incidence of root galling in untreated plots in cotton
  Table 49. Effect of treatment on emergence and growth in cotton
  Table 50. Effect of treatment on thrips injury, flowering, and number of open bolls in cotton
  Table 51. Effect of treatments on nematode populations in cotton
  Table 52. Effect of treatments on yield of cotton
  
  
• RESPONSE OF COTTON TO PIX AND QUADRIS FOR CONTROL OF BOLL ROT AND HARDLOCK (HARDLOCK106 - Tidewater AREC, Suffolk)
  Table 53. Plant populations and number of flowers in untreated plots at the time of application of Quadris 250SC
  Table 54. Number of flowers/12 ft of row following application of Quadris 250SC and plant populations and number of bolls on 27 September and yield of cotton
  
  
• RESPONSE OF COTTON TO FUNGICIDES FOR CONTROL OF BOLL ROT AND HARDLOCK (HARDLOCK206 - Tidewater AREC, Suffolk)
  Table 55. Plant populations and number of flowers in untreated plots at the time of application
  Table 56. Effect of treatments on stand counts, number of open and total bolls, and yield of cotton
  
  
• EFFECT OF PLANTING DATE AND CULTIVAR ON INCIDENCE OF TOMATO SPOTTED WILT VIRUS IN PEANUT (TSWVPD06 - Tidewater AREC Research Farm, Suffolk)
  Rainfall, soil temperature, and max./min. air temperatures up to 7 days after each planting
  Table 57. Effect of plant date on emergence of peanut cultivars
  Table 58. Effect of plant date on incidence of TSWV in peanut cultivars
  Table 59. Effect of plant date on incidence of TSWV and CBR in peanut cultivars
  Table 60. Effect of plant date on disease incidence and yield in peanut cultivars
  
  
• EVALUATION OF SEED TREATMENTS FOR CONTROL OF EARLY SEASON DISEASES OF PEANUT (PSEED106 - Tidewater AREC Research Farm)
  Table 61. Assay of untreated peanut seed on 26 Apr 2006
  Table 62. Effect of seed treatments on emergence and growth of peanut
  Table 63. Effect of seed treatments on incidence of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR)
  Table 64. Effect of seed treatments on yield of peanuts
  
  
• EVALUATION OF SEED TREATMENTS FOR CONTROL OF EARLY SEASON DISEASES OF PEANUT (PSEED206 - Duke Farm, Suffolk)
  Table 65. Percent of seed colonized by Cylindrocladium parasiticum, Aspergillus niger, and Sclerotium rolfsii in assays after application of seed treatment
  Table 66. Effect of seed treatments on emergence and growth of peanut
  Table 67. Incidence of Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR) and yield of peanut
  
  
• RESPONSE OF VIRGINIA- AND RUNNER-TYPE PEANUTS TO SOIL FUMIGATION WITH VAPAM (PNEMA106 - Tidewater AREC Research Farm, Suffolk)
  Table 68. Effect of market type and treatment on populations of root-knot nematode
  Table 69. Effect of treatment and cultivar selection on emergence and incidence of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV) in peanut
  Table 70. Effect of treatment and cultivar selection on flowering and soil-borne disease
  Table 71. Effect of treatment and cultivar selection on soil-borne disease
  Table 72. Effect of treatment and cultivar selection on root rot, pod rot, root galling, maturity, yield, and value
  Table 73. Effect of treatment and cultivar on grade characteristics and value
  
  
• MANAGEMENT OF TSWV AND NEMATODES IN PEANUTS (PNEMA206 - Tidewater AREC Research Farm, Suffolk)
  Table 74. Effect of treatment on populations of root-knot nematode
  Table 75. Effect of treatments on emergence and seedling disease in peanut
  Table 76. Effect of treatments on incidence of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in peanut
  Table 77. Effect of treatments on incidence of Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR) in peanut
  Table 78. Effect of treatments on yield of peanuts
  
  
• COMPARISON OF VIRGINIA- AND RUNNER-TYPE PEANUTS IN STRIP AND CONVENTIONAL TILLAGE (PTIL206 – B&W Farms, Suffolk)
  Table 79. Nematode assay report (Mar 2006)
  Table 80. Effect of tillage and cultivar selection on emergence and incidence of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in peanut
  Table 81. Effect of tillage and cultivar selection on incidence of Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR) and Sclerotinia blight in peanut
  Table 82. Effect of tillage and cultivar selection on maturity, yield, and value of peanuts
  Table 83. Effect of treatment and cultivar on grade characteristics and value
  
  
• COMPARISON OF VIRGINIA- AND RUNNER-TYPE PEANUTS IN STRIP TILLAGE WITH AND WITHOUT SECTAGON (PTIL106 - Jason Holland Field, Suffolk)
  Table 84. Effect of market type and treatment on populations of root-knot nematode
  Table 85. Effect of treatment and cultivar on seedling emergence and incidence of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in peanut
  Table 86. Effect of treatment and cultivar on incidence of Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR)
  Table 87. Effect of treatment and cultivar on incidence of Southern stem rot and Sclerotinia blight
  Table 88. Effect of treatment and cultivar on maturity, yield, and value of peanuts
  Table 89. Grade characteristics and value of peanut cultivars
  
  
• EVALUATION OF FUNGICIDE TREATMENTS FOR CONTROL OF FOLIAR DISEASES OF PEANUT (LFSPOT106 - Tidewater AREC, Research Farm, Suffolk)
  Table 90. Incidence of early leaf spot in fungicide-treated plots
  Table 91. Incidence of web blotch and defoliation in fungicide-treated plots
  Table 92. Incidence of soil-borne diseases and yield of fungicide-treated plots
  
  
• PERFORMANCE OF PEANUT FUNGICIDES WITH AND WITHOUT PREV-AM SPRAY ADJUVANT (LFSPOT206 - Tidewater AREC, Research Farm, Suffolk)
  Table 93. Incidence of early leaf spot in fungicide-treated plots
  Table 94. Incidence of foliar disease and defoliation in fungicide-treated plots
  Table 95. Incidence of soil-borne diseases and yield in fungicide-treated plots
  
  
• CONTROL OF FOLIAR AND SOIL-BORNE DISEASES OF PEANUT WITH EXPERIMENTAL FUNGICIDES (LFSPOT306 - Tidewater AREC Research Farm, Suffolk)
  Table 96. Incidence of leaf spot in fungicide-treated plots
  Table 97. Incidence of foliar disease in fungicide-treated plots
  Table 98. Incidence of soil-borne disease and yield of peanuts in fungicide-treated plots
  
  
• CONTROL OF FOLIAR AND SOIL-BORNE DISEASES OF PEANUT WITH EXPERIMENTAL FUNGICIDES (LFSPOT406 - Tidewater AREC, Research Farm, Suffolk)
  Table 99. Incidence of leaf spot and defoliation in fungicide-treated plots
  Table 100. Incidence of web blotch, Sclerotinia blight, and Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR) in fungicide-treated plots
  Table 101. Yield of peanuts in fungicide-treated plots
  
  
• CONTROL OF FOLIAR AND SOIL-BORNE DISEASES OF PEANUT WITH EXPERIMENTAL FUNGICIDES (LFSPOT506 - Tidewater AREC, Research Farm, Suffolk)
  Table 102. Incidence of foliar disease and defoliation in fungicide-treated plots
  Table 103. Incidence of soil-borne disease and yield in fungicide-treated plots
  
  
• RESPONSE OF PEANUTS TO FOLIAR SPRAYS OF FUNGICIDE WITH AND WITHOUT CALCIUM THIOSULFATE (LFSPOT606 - Duke Farm, Suffolk
  Table 104. Incidence of early leaf spot and severity of phytotoxicity in fungicide-treated plots
  Table 105. Yield of peanuts in fungicide-treated plots
  
  
• EVALUATION OF IN-FURROW AND FOLIAR FUNGICIDES FOR DISEASE CONTROL IN PEANUT (CBRLFSPOT106 - Tidewater AREC, Suffolk)
  Table 106. Plant emergence and incidence of Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR)
  Table 107. Effect of treatments on incidence of other diseases and yield of peanuts
  
  
• EVALUATION OF IN-FURROW AND FOLIAR FUNGICIDES FOR DISEASE CONTROL IN PEANUT (CBRLFSPOT206 - Tidewater AREC, Research Farm, Suffolk)
  Table 108. Effect of treatments on seedling emergence and incidence of Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR) in peanuts
  Table 109. Incidence of early leaf spot and tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in peanuts
  Table 110. Effect of treatments on web blotch, defoliation, and yield of peanuts
  
  
• EVALUATION OF THE T4 BULKED GENERATION OF GENETICALLY TRANSFORMED PEANUT LINES WITH THE OXALATE OXIDASE GENE FOR RESISTANCE TO LEAF SPOT (SCLTLFSPOT06 - Tidewater AREC Research Farm, Suffolk)
  Table 111. Stand count, flowering, and oxalate oxidase expression in the T4 generation of genetically transformed peanut lines containing the barley oxalate oxidase gene.
  Table 112. Sclerotinia blight resistance of non-transformed parent and T4 generation of genetically transformed peanut lines containing the barley oxalate oxidase gene.
  Table 113. Susceptibility of non-transformed parent and T4 generation of genetically transformed peanut lines containing the barley oxalate oxidase gene to TSWV and foliar diseases.
  Table 114. Yield and susceptibility to southern stem rot and Cylindrocladium black rot of non-transformed parent and T4 generation of genetically transformed peanut lines containing the barley oxalate oxidase gene.
  
  
• EVALUATION OF THE T4 BULKED GENERATION OF GENETICALLY TRANSFORMED PEANUT LINES WITH THE OXALATE OXIDASE GENE (SCLT106 - Tidewater AREC Research Farm, Suffolk)
  Table 115. Gene expression and Sclerotinia blight resistance in parent variety and T4 genetically transformed peanut lines containing the barley oxalate oxidase gene, individual plant evaluation
  Table 116. Susceptibility of non-transformed parent and T4 genetically transformed peanut lines with the barley oxalate oxidase gene to tomato spotted wilt, whole plot evaluation
  Table 117. Sclerotinia blight incidence and yield for non-transformed parent and T4 genetically transformed peanut lines containing the barley oxalate oxidase gene, whole plot evaluations
  Table 118. Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR) and southern stem rot incidence in non-transformed parents and T4 transformed peanut lines with the barley oxalate oxidase gene
  
  
• EVALUATION OF THE T4 GENERATION OF GENETICALLY TRANSFORMED PEANUT LINES FROM SINGLE T3 PLANT SELECTIONS WITH THE OXALATE OXIDASE GENE (SCLT206 - Tidewater AREC Research Farm, Suffolk)
  Table 119. Gene expression, oxalic acid sensitivity, and Sclerotinia blight resistance of T4 genetically transformed peanut lines containing the barley oxalate oxidase gene, hand planted in the field 2005
  
  
• EVALUATION OF FOLIAR FUNGICIDES FOR CONTROL OF FOLIAR DISEASES OF SOYBEAN (SOYRUST106 - Tidewater AREC, Swine Unit Field, Suffolk)
  Table 120. Incidence of foliar disease and defoliation in soybeans
  Table 121. Yield and grade of soybeans
  
  
• EVALUATION OF FOLIAR FUNGICIDES FOR CONTROL OF DISEASES OF SOYBEAN (SOYRUST206 - Tidewater AREC, Swine Unit Field, Suffolk)
  Table 122. Incidence of foliar disease and severity of defoliation in soybeans
  Table 123. Yield and grade of soybeans.
  
  
• EVALUATION OF FOLIAR FUNGICIDES FOR CONTROL OF DISEASES OF SOYBEAN (SOYRUST306 - Duke Farm, Suffolk)
  Table 124. Incidence of foliar disease and defoliation in soybeans
  Table 125. Yield and grade of soybeans
  
  
• EVALUATION OF FOLIAR FUNGICIDES FOR CONTROL OF DISEASES OF SOYBEAN (SOYRUST406 - Duke Farm, Suffolk)
  Table 126. Incidence of foliar disease and defoliation in soybeans
  Table 127. Yield and grade of soybeans
  
  
• EVALUATION OF FOLIAR FUNGICIDES FOR CONTROL OF DISEASES OF SOYBEAN (SOYRUST506 - Fox Hill Farms, Capron)
  Table 128. Incidence of foliar disease and defoliation in soybeans.
  Table 129. Yield and grade of soybeans.
  
  
• EVALUATION OF FOLIAR FUNGICIDES FOR CONTROL OF DISEASES OF SOYBEAN (SOYRUST606 - Glenn Hawkins Farms, Skippers)
  Table 130. Incidence of foliar disease in soybeans.
  Table 131. Severity of defoliation in soybeans.
  Table 132. Yield and grade of soybeans.
  
  
• CLIMATOLOGICAL SUMMARY OF THE 2006 GROWING SEASON. (Tidewater Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Suffolk)
  Table 133. Daily maximum and minimum temperatures (°F) November 2005 – April 2006
  Table 134. Daily maximum and minimum temperatures (°F) May 2006 – October 2006
  Table 135. Daily precipitation (inches) November 2005 – April 2006
  Table 136. Daily precipitation (inches) May 2006 – October 2006

Print entire publication (154 pages)

Visit Virginia Cooperative Extension.