Authors: Louis A. Helfrich, Extension Specialist, Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, Virginia Tech; Diana L. Weigmann, Director, Office of Science, Engineering, and Technology, Carson City, Nevada; Patricia Hipkins, Virginia Pesticide Programs, Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech; and Elizabeth R. Stinson, Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries, Blacksburg, Virginia.
Publication Number 420-013, June 1996
Appreciation of fisheries and aquatic systems has been accompanied by increasing concern about the effects of growing human populations and human activity on aquatic life and water quality. Pesticides are one group of toxic compounds linked to human use that have a profound effect on aquatic life and water quality.
Pesticides are substances used to control pests, including insects, water weeds, and plant diseases. Naturally-occurring pesticides have been used for centuries, but widespread production and use of modern synthetic pesticides did not begin until the 1940s. Today, pesticides are big business. Over a billion pounds of pesticides are used in the United States at a value of $8 billion per year.
Pesticides are beneficial chemicals. They can protect against forest and farm crop losses and can aid in more efficient food production. They are used to slow the spread of destructive forest insects like the gypsy moth. They are used to establish and maintain lawns and recreational areas. They are used to help reduce malnutrition and starvation of humans and animals. Pesticides also have been instrumental in controlling many insect-borne human diseases such as malaria, encephalitis, and bubonic plague. They promote public safety on roads, railroads, powerlines, and rights-of-ways.
Pesticides are (1) relatively easy to apply, (2) generally cost-effective and, (3) the only practical method of control in some situations. However, the benefits of pesticides are not derived without consequences. Pesticides must be used with great care so that the health of humans, animals, and the environment are protected. Disadvantages of pesticides include their toxicity to some humans, animals, and useful plants, and the persistence (long life) of some of these chemicals in the environment.
When pesticides enter aquatic systems, the environmental costs can be high. Unintentional pesticide-related fish kills occur throughout the United States. Some of these kills have been large, involving thousands of fishes, as well as frogs, turtles, mussels, water birds, and other wildlife. Fish and other wildlife species, including rare and endangered ones like the peregrine falcon, bald eagle, and osprey, have been victims of pesticide poisoning. Pesticide use is one of many factors contributing to the decline of fish and other aquatic species.
Protection of wildlife and water quality is possible when using pesticides. If pesticides are selected wisely, used in combination with other pest control measures, and applied safely, the pollution of our surface waters and contamination of aquatic life can be avoided.
The purpose of this publication is to serve as a general guide for those who may use pesticides in or around natural wetlands, lakes, ponds, rivers, and streams. In this publication, we provide information about the toxicity and safe use of pesticides that have the potential to enter aquatic systems.
| Chemical Control | |
|---|---|
| Advantages | Disadvantages |
| Simple to Apply | Toxic |
| Rapid Effect | Water-Use Restrictions |
| Inexpensive? | Fish Kills |
| Wide Spectrum | Retreatment Necessary |
| Long Lasting? | Expensive |
| Long-Lasting | |
| Taste Problems | |
| Odor Problems | |
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The EPA decides whether to register a pesticide after considering many characteristics including:
The EPA can approve or disapprove the registration of new pesticides, and may further restrict or cancel the registration of those in use. For example, DDT, aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, mirex, and toxaphene were banned from use (registration canceled) in the United States in 1972, l974, l974, l983, l977, and l982 respectively. The use of endrin was highly restricted in l979. State agencies also require the registration of pesticides used within their boundaries.
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The use classification (general use or restricted use) is noted on the label. The signal word (danger, warning, or caution) provides information about hazard classification. Precautionary statements inform users of handling requirements, procedures, and special concerns. Directions for use specify legal application sites, rates, and mixing and handling instructions. The pesticide label is a binding legal agreement between the EPA, the registrant, and the user. It is illegal to use a pesticide in a way or place not specified on the label.
"Restricted-Use Pesticides" are those that must be handled with special care. A pesticide can be classified as restricted-use because it is particularly toxic to fish, birds, or mammals. They may also be so classified because of potential environmental effects. These can be used only by a trained, certified pesticide applicator.
The Pesticide Label Contains:
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Toxicity of the pesticide refers to how poisonous it is. Some pesticides are extremely toxic, whereas others are relatively nontoxic. Exposure refers to the length of time the animal is in contact with the pesticide. A brief exposure to some chemicals may have little effect on fish, whereas longer exposure may cause harm.
The dose rate refers to the quantity of pesticide to which an animal is subjected (orally, dermally, or through inhalation). A small dose of a more toxic chemical may be more damaging than a large dose of a less toxic chemical. Dosages can be measured as the weight of toxicant per unit (kilogram) of body weight (expressed as mg pesticide/kg of body weight) or as the concentration of toxicant in the water or food supply (usually expressed as parts per million, ppm or parts per billion, ppb).
A lethal dose is the amount of pesticide necessary to cause death. Because not all animals of a species die at the same dose (some are more tolerant than others), a standard toxicity dose measurement, called a Lethal Concentration 50 (LC50), is used. This is the concentration of a pesticide that kills 50% of a test population of animals within a set period of time, usually 24 to 96 hours.
Hazard ratings ranging from minimal to super toxic and LC50s for commonly used insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides are presented in Tables 3, 4 and 5 . For example, the 24-hour LC50 of the insecticide permethrin to rainbow trout is 12.5 ppb. This means that one-half of the trout exposed to 12.5 ppb of permethrin died within 24 hours, indicating super toxicity of this pesticide to trout.
| Hazard Ratings | |
|---|---|
| Toxicity | LC50(mg/l) |
| Minimal | >100 |
| Slight | 10 - 100 |
| Moderate | 1 - 10 |
| High | 0.1 - 1.0 |
| Extreme | 0.01 - 0.1 |
| Super | < 0,01 |
Exposure of fish and other aquatic animals to a pesticide depends on its biological availability (bioavailablility), bioconcentration, biomagnification, and persistence in the environment. Bioavailability refers to the amount of pesticide in the environment available to fish and wildlife. Some pesticides rapidly breakdown after application. Some bind tightly to soil particles suspended in the water column or to stream bottoms, thereby reducing their availability. Some are quickly diluted in water or rapidly volatize into the air and are less available to aquatic life.
Bioconcentration is the accumulation of pesticides in animal tissue at levels greater than those in the water or soil to which they were applied. Some fish may concentrate certain pesticides in their body tissues and organs (especially fats) at levels 10 million times greater than in the water.
Biomagnification is the accumulation of pesticides at each successive level of the food chain. Some pesticides bioaccumulate (buildup) in the food chain. For example, if a pesticide is present in small amounts in water, it can be absorbed by water plants which are, in turn, eaten by insects and minnows. These also become contaminated. At each step in the food chain the concentration of pesticide increases. When sport fish such as bass or trout repeatedly consume contaminated animals, they bioconcentrate high levels in their body fat. Fish can pass these poisons on to humans.
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Pesticides can be degraded by sunlight (photodecomposition), high air or water temperatures (thermal degradation), moisture conditions, biological action (microbial decay), and soil conditions (pH). Persistent (long-lasting) pesticides break down slowly and may be more available to aquatic animals.
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Fish in streams flowing through croplands and orchards are likely to receive repeated low doses of pesticides if continuous pesticide applications run-off fields. Repeated exposure to certain pesticides can result in reduced fish egg production and hatching, nest and brood abandonment, lower resistance to disease, decreased body weight, hormonal changes, and reduced avoidance of predators. The overall consequences of sublethal doses of pesticides can be reduced adult survival and lowered population abundance.
Sublethal Effects include:
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Spraying herbicides can also reduce reproductive success of fish and aquatic animals. The shallow, weedy nursery areas for many fish species provide abundant food and shelter for young fish. Spraying herbicides near weedy nurseries can reduce the amount of cover and shelter that young fish need in order to hide from predators and to feed. Most young fish depend on aquatic plants as refuge in their nursery areas.
Aquatic plants provide as much as 80% of the dissolved oxygen necessary for aquatic life in ponds and lakes. Spraying herbicides to kill all aquatic plants can result in severely low oxygen levels and the suffocation of fish. Using herbicides to completely "clean up" a pond will significantly reduce fish habitat, food supply, dissolved oxygen, and fish productivity.
The landowner who sprays a weedy fenceline with herbicides may unintentionally kill the trumpet vine on which hummingbirds feed and the honeysuckle that nourish deer and quail. Similarly, the landowner who unnecessarily sprays his water plants kills the plants that fed the insects that fed the fish that fed the farmer. Casual use of herbicides for lake or farm pond "beautification" may reduce fish populations.
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Reducing the Risk: Prior to using a pesticide, consider the following:
Why Weeds:
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Plant Reproduction
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Dense growths of algae and rooted waterweeds can interfere with swimming, fishing, and boating. They also can discolor waters, impart unpleasant taste and odors to water supplies, and degrade property values and water quality.
Limited numbers of aquatic plants growing in ponds and lakes are beneficial. Through photosynthesis, water plants provide most of the dissolved oxygen necessary for fish and other aquatic life. They also provide food, shelter, cover, and nursery areas for sport fish and other water animals. The purpose of herbicide application is to limit plant growth. Elimination of all aquatic plants is not beneficial.
Nutrient-rich, shallow, clear waters are highly susceptible to water weed invasions. Algae and water weeds can exhibit rapid growth. Water plants can reproduce quickly because they have the ability to reproduce by seeds, fragmentation, budding, rhizomes, tubers, and spores. Some species can reproduce using several of these methods. Non-native water weeds are especially problematic because they have no native insect or animal to control their growth.
Abundant water weeds are usually a symptom of overfertilization. The lasting solution to a weed problem is to reduce fertilizer runoff. Herbicides only treat the symptoms of overfertilization (the weeds); the real cause (excessive nutrients) remains after herbicide treatment. Unless the nutrients are removed, they will endlessly stimulate successive algae blooms and rooted weed growths. In this sense, herbicides are only a short-term, cosmetic treatment.
Prevention is the best way to reduce water weed problems. Constructing ponds and lakes with steep slopes that drop quickly into deep water reduces weed growth. Construction of a sediment basin upstream from a pond or lake will help reduce the sediment and nutrient loads entering a water body.
Algae and waterweeds can be controlled by a number of nonchemical methods. Herbicides may not always be the most efficient or safest water weed control technique. Other effective water weed control methods include (1) stocking plant-eating fish like the grass carp, (2) hand or mechanical weed removal by cutting, uprooting, and harvesting, (3) dredging and deepening shallow, weedy areas, (4) lake drawdowns, (5) using chemical dyes or black plastic to eliminate light and shade-out weeds, and (6) using pond liners to prevent rooting.
Herbicides generally are less toxic to fish and aquatic life than insecticides. Many are short-lived and do not accumulate in the environment. However, some are highly toxic to aquatic animals and should be avoided or used with extreme caution near water ways and aquatic environments.
Of the approximately 200 herbicides registered by the EPA for use in the United States, only about 10 are labeled for use in aquatic systems (Table 1) and (Table 3)
Endothall compounds (Aquathol and Hydrothol) are registered by EPA as aquatic herbicides, but they are relatively toxic to fish at rates near those needed to kill water weeds. The Hydrothol formulation is the most risky to use in fish ponds. Endothall cannot be used in irrigation water, livestock water, or in food crop or food fish areas without withholding restrictions (Table 2).
Fortunately, there are a number of other less toxic, but effective, herbicides that are registered for use in aquatic systems. The five herbicides most commonly used in ponds and lakes include copper sulfate, fluridone, glyphosate, zx, and diquat (Table 3).
Chelated copper complexes and copper sulfate (Bluestone) are used to control algae, not rooted aquatic plants. Most algae species are effectively controlled by these herbicides. However, copper is a toxic metal that is long-lived (persistent) in the environment. Copper sulfate can be toxic to fish and aquatic animals at concentrations near levels used to control algae, especially in soft water. Copper toxicity increases as water hardness decreases. Copper sulfate is not as safe to use as chelated copper compounds listed above, and it should not be used in soft waters (alkalinity values less than 50 mg/L). No water-use restrictions are associated with copper compounds.
Fluridone (Sonar) is perhaps the safest of the registered herbicides to use in fish ponds. It is expensive and will not kill algae, but effectively controls submersed aquatic plants. It is a persistent, slow-acting herbicide. Sonar residue may persist for a period of 2 to 12 months, and results may take 30 to 90 days to be noticeable. Do not use Sonar-treated water for crop irrigation for 30 days after application. There are no restrictions for fishing, swimming, or livestock or human consumption.
Glyphosate (Rodeo) is best used for control of emergent and shoreline weeds such as cattail, reeds, rushes, smartweeds, and some floating-leaf plants like water lily and lotus. It is usually applied to the plant and not directly to the water. It is quickly bound to suspended particles and bottom sediments and is rapidly inactivated. It has no waiting period or withdrawal restrictions for irrigation water, livestock water, fish consumption, or swimming. Use only those glyphosate products labeled and specially-formulated for aquatic systems. Some glyphosate products contain additives that are toxic to aquatic organisms.
2,4-D (Aquacide, Aqua-Cleer, Weedar, Weed-Rhap, Weedestroy, Weedtrine ) is effective for controlling submersed aquatic plants. These compounds rapidly and completely decompose in about 3 weeks. Toxicity of these herbicides increases as pH decreases. They are less effective at pHs greater than 8, and more toxic in acidic waters (pH<6). Depending on the formulation, 2,4-D can be highly toxic to rainbow trout. 2,4-D should not be used in water for irrigation, livestock, or domestic purposes.
Diquat (Diquat, Aqua-Clear, Aqua-Quat, Watrol, Weedtrine) is a wide-spectrum herbicide that can be used to control algae and submersed weeds, but it is not especially effective on emergent weeds. A 14-day waiting period is required by law before diquat-treated water can be used for livestock consumption, crop irrigation, or drinking. There are no restrictions for fishing, but a 1-day waiting period is required before swimming. Diquat is rarely found in treated water after 10 days.
Fish kills may occur after herbicide application, even when the herbicide used is not directly toxic to fish. Fish die indirectly from suffocation, rather than herbicide poisoning, because masses of rotting water weeds killed by the herbicide decompose, reducing oxygen levels.
When using herbicides, treat one-half (or less) of the lake at a time to allow fish freedom to move to untreated, oxygen-rich areas of the pond or lake. Apply herbicides during the spring when water temperatures are cooler and dissolved oxygen levels are higher than in summer. Some herbicides are not as toxic at colder temperatures. Apply in early spring when weeds are small and not well established, and when fewer weeds are present to decompose.
Application rates in aquatic systems depend on a number of factors. Important considerations are extent of area treated, water depth, water temperature (stratification), water exchange (flow) rates, weed density, weed species, weather conditions, water clarity, and suspended particles.
Identification of the weed or pest is critical in planning an effective control strategy. The relative effectiveness of different aquatic herbicides varies depending on the weed species (Table 1) . Consult with your Extension Agent on weed identification prior to selecting a herbicide.
Applying the right amount of herbicide is especially important to achieve good control, avoid nontarget toxicity, eliminate unnecessary expense, and comply with the legal requirements. After application of a herbicide, comply with the required waiting period before using water for irrigation, livestock watering, swimming, or fishing (Table 2).
In addition to herbicides, biological control animals can be stocked to feed on water weeds. Grass carp is a fish that will eat a wide variety of submersed, emersed, and floating weeds. Some plants such as filamentous algae, cattails, rushes, and watershield are not preferred by grass carp and are not well controlled by this fish. Because grass carp is an exotic fish, most state fish and game agencies require that you obtain a permit to stock this species. Only sterile (triploid) grass carp should be stocked so that this non-native does not reproduce and outcompete native fishes. Recommended stocking rates range from 7 to 15 fish per surface acre of water.
Methods of Weed Prevention:
Methods of Plant Control:
Summary List of Chemicals:
Considerations for Application Timing:
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The most infamous OC is DDT (dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane). Its effect on fish, wildlife, and natural environments was devastating. Other OC insecticides, including aldrin, toxaphene, dieldrin, mirex, and heptachlor, were also very toxic to fish and wildlife, and they are banned from use in the United States. The ban on many OC insecticides in the United States has been important in the survival of fish and aquatic species and the protection of water quality.
The four main types of agricultural insecticides used today are pyrethroids (PYs), organophosphates (OPs), carbamates (CBs), and biological insecticides (BIs).
PYs, especially synthetic ones, are the most toxic group of insecticides to fish and aquatic invertebrates. They should be used with extreme caution near waterways. Despite the fact that PYs are highly toxic to aquatic animals, they seldom cause fish kills because: (1) they are strongly absorbed to bottom muds, (2) they are short lived and usually last only days, (3) they rapidly decompose in 1 to 10 days when exposed to sunlight, and (4) they usually are applied at lower rates compared to the other insecticides.
Many OP and CB insecticides are extremely hazardous to fish and wildlife. Fish kills involving these insecticides have been documented. OP insecticides can bioconcentrate in fish, frogs, tadpoles, and toads to levels that pose hazards to their predators. OP and CB insecticides are water soluble and metabolized quickly. They generally have short persistence (half-lives of days to months), and their residues do not pose long-term problems for aquatic animals. The CB insecticide carbofuran is extremely toxic to wildlife and fish.
Some BI insecticides are less hazardous to fish and other aquatic animals, because many target specific insects (narrow spectrum). BIs include microbials and insect growth regulators. For example, the microbial, Bacillus thuringiensis (BT), is a bacterium that causes disease in some insects, but does not harm other animals or plants. Insect growth regulators affect the normal growth and development of some insects. For example, Diflubenzuron (Dimilin) inhibits the formation of an insect's hard exoskeleton (outer shell). Some insect growth regulators can harm beneficial aquatic invertebrates and thus reduce the food supply for young fish.
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Some currently-registered fungicides are extremely toxic to aquatic organisms. Some fungicides are poisonous to beneficial soil invertebrates. Their use should be avoided or carefully managed near aquatic systems.
Considerations for Application Rates:
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The remoteness of many streams and wetlands often diminishes chances of detection of fish kills. When dead fish are found after a pesticide application, the incident may go unreported because it is not considered important, or because of fear of liability. Sometimes no association is made between a kill and a past pesticide application because of the amount of time that has elapsed. These factors and others tend to obscure the full impact that some pesticides are having on fish and aquatic systems.
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Pesticide accidents or incidents that constitute a threat to any person, to public health or safety, and/or to the environment must be reported to the responsible state agency. Initial notification must be made by telephone within 48 hours of the occurrence. A written report describing the accident or incident must be submitted within 10 days of the initial notification.
In Virginia, initial telephone contact and written reports should be directed to the Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Office of Pesticide Services, Enforcement and Field Operations, P.O. Box 1163, Richmond, VA 23218, call (804) 371- 6560. In the event of an emergency release which may impact others or other property, notify the Virginia Department of Emergency Services at 1-800-468-8802.
If the accident or incident involves a spill, the applicator should contact the responsible state agency to determine whether the release is governed under SARA Title III (the community Right-to-Know Law). Reporting under this regulation is determined by the chemical hazard and the volume of the released chemical. If required, the applicator must notify the National Response Center at 1-800-424-8802.
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The EPA plans to identify pesticide products that have the potential to jeopardize endangered or threatened species by a statement on the label. This statement will instruct users to determine if there are any limitations on the pesticide's use in the county where it is to be applied.
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IPM strategies include:
The key to sound pest control strategies is to determine the extent of the problem. In IPM, pesticides are not applied until pest populations reach an unacceptable (economical or aesthetic) threshold. Rather than indiscriminately applying pesticides, IPM protects naturally-occurring insect predators, parasites, and pathogens to keep pest populations at acceptable levels.
The importance of pest control exerted by naturally-occurring beneficial organisms is usually unnoticed, but its value is significant. For example, as much as 40 percent of the water weeds in a lake can be eliminated by natural plant-eating water animals (aquatic insects, crayfish, herbivores fish) or parasites. IPM takes advantage of these natural controls. IPM programs occur in many places nationwide. They may be applied in many situations ranging from home gardens to commercial water weed management.
An increased interest in sustainable agriculture is evidence of the movement toward more diverse cropping systems. Some of the benefits of diverse systems include reduced soil erosion, improved water quality, enhanced nutrient cycling, and reduced pesticide inputs. These systems are economically competitive with conventional farming systems and also good for fish and wildlife.
Many fish and wetland species live in waters that run through farmland. Activities on the farm, including pesticide use, can affect fish and water quality far downstream. Farmers and landowners who use pesticides can protect aquatic habitats by first considering whether pesticide treatment is really necessary. If pesticides must be used, use the least toxic product that will do the job and apply it according to the label. Avoid important wildlife habitats such as wetlands, stream sides, and pond and lake shores. Use the following Best Management Practices.
Water-use Restrictions
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Anderson R. L. 1989. "Toxicity of synthetic pyrethroids to freshwater invertebrates." Environmental Toxicological Chemistry 8: 403-410.
Extoxnet: Extension Toxicology Network. 1994. Edited by L. Seyler, D. Rutz, J. Allen, and M. Kamrin. A pesticide information project of the Cooperative Extension Offices of Cornell University, the University of California, Michigan State University, and Oregon State University.
Herbicide Handbook of the Weed Science Society of America. l989. N.E. Humberg et al., WSSA, Champlain, IL.
Farm Chemical Handbook. l995. Edited by R. Meister. C. Sine, S. Naegely, and others. Meister Publishing Co., Willoughby, Ohio.
Johnson, Waynon and M. T. Finley. l980. Handbook of Acute Toxicity of Chemicals to Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Publication 137. Washington, D.C.
Langeland, K. A. (Editor). l990. Training Manual For Aquatic Herbicide Applicators in the Southeastern United States. Center for Aquatic Plants, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32606.
Lutz, C. Greg, M. Mayeaux and M. L. Grodner. 1992. Toxicity of Selected Agricultural Pesticides to Common Aquatic Organisms in Louisiana. Publication 2416-I. Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
Mayer, Foster L., and Mark R. Ellersieck. l986. Manual of Acute Toxicity: Interpretation and Data Base for 410 Chemicals and 66 Species of Freshwater Animals. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Publication l60. Washington, DC.
Palmer, William E. and Peter T. Bromley. l994. Wildlife and Agricultural Pesticide Use: A Review for Natural Resource Managers. Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University. Raleigh, North Carolina.
Schnick, R., Fred Meyer, D. Leroy Gray. l980. A Guide to Approved Chemicals in Fish Production and Fisheries Resource Management. Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service. Publication MP 241. University of Arkansas. Little Rock, Arkansas.
Spradley, J. P. l985. Toxicity of Pesticides to Fish. Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service. Publication MP330. University of Arkansas. Little Rock, Arkansas
Hudson, Rick H., Richard K. Tucker, and M.A. Haegele. 1984. Handbook of toxicity of pesticides to wildlife. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service Resource Publication Number 153. Washington, D.C.
Smith, Gregory J. 1987. Pesticide use and toxicology in relation to wildlife: Organophosphorous and carbamate compounds. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service Resource Publication 170. Washington, D.C.
Stinson, Elizabeth R., and Peter T. Bromley. l991. Pesticides and Wildlife: A Guide to Reducing Impacts on Animals and their Habitats. Virginia Cooperative Extension Publication 420-004. Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA.
The Royal Society of Chemistry. 1991. The Agrochemicals Handbook. Edited by K. Hamish and D. James. Cambridge, England.
United States Environmental Protection Agency. 1994. Pesticide Industry Sales and Usage: l992-1993 Market Estimates. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Publication 733-K-94-001. Washington, D.C.
Virginia Cooperative Extension. 1996. Pest Management Guide for Horticultural and Forest Crops. Virginia Cooperative Extension Publication 456-017, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA.
Ware, George W. l994. The Pesticide Book. Thompson Publications
Weeks, J.A., S.B. Donahoe, G.H. Drendel, R.S. Jagan, T.E. McManus, and P.J. Sczerenie. 1988. Risk assessment for the use of herbicides in the southern region, USDA Forest Service. in: Final Environmental Impact Statement: Vegetation management in the Coastal Plain/Piedmont Volume II. USDA Forest Service, Arlington, Virginia.
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EPA National Pesticide Telecommunications Center. General Information, Corvalis, Oregon. 1-800-858-7378
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Ecological Effects Branch, 401 M St. H7507-C, Washington, DC 20460. Call Incident Data to (703) 305-7347
Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. Office of Pesticide Service, Enforcement and Field Operations. P.O. Box 1163. Richmond, VA 23218, (804) 371-6560.
Virginia Department of Environmental Quality. Report all pesticide spills into water to 2111 North Hamilton Street P.O.B. 11143 Richmond, VA 23230. Call the nearest District Office: Virginia Beach (804) 552-1840; Richmond (804) 527-5020; Woodbridge (703) 490-8922; Bridgewater (540) 828-2595; Roanoke (540) 562-3666, Abingdon (540) 676-4800.
Virginia Cooperative Extension. General information. Virgina Tech Pesticide Program, Blacksburg, VA 24061 (540) 231-6543
Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries. Report all wildlife and fish kills. Richmond, VA (804) 367-1000.
Virginia Department of Health. Toxicology Information, Bureau of Toxic Substances,
109 Governors Street, Room 918, Richmond, VA 23219 (804) 786-1763 Virginia Department of Emergency Services. 1-800-468-8892.
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Albaugh Inc., 1517 N. Akeny Blvd. Suite A, Ankeny, IA 50021
Applied Biochemists, 5300 W. County Line Road, 96 North, Mequon, WI 53092
Aquacide Co.,1627 9th St., White Bear Lake, MN 55110, (800)328-9350
Aquashade Inc., 6120 W. Douglas Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53218
A & V Incorporated, N62 W22632 Village Drive, Sussex, WI 53089, (205) 288-3185
Chem One Corp., 15150 Sommermeyer, Houston, TX 77041-5308
ELF Atochem North America, 2000 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19103, (205) 288-3185
Frank Miller & Sons Inc., 13831 S. Emerald Ave., Chicago, IL 60627
Great Lakes Biochemical Co. Inc., 6120 W. Douglas Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53218
Griffin Corporation, P.O. Box 1847, Valdosta, GA 31603, (912) 244-7954
Helena Chemical Co., 6075 Poplar Ave., Suit 500, Memphis, TN 38119.
I. Schneid Inc., 1429 Fairmont Ave., N.W., Atlanta, GA 30381.
Monsanto Agricultural Company, 700 Chesterfield Parkway North, St. Louis, MO, 631987 or 800 N. Lindbergh Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63167, (919) 556-7124
NCH Corporation. 2727 Chemsearch Blvd., Irving, TX 75062.
PBI/Gordon Corporation, 1217 W. 12th Street, P.O. Box 4090, Kansas City, MO 64101, (816) 421-4070
Phelps Dodge Refining Corporation, Box 20001, El Paso TX, 79998.
Qualis Inc., 4600 Park Ave., Des Moines, IA 50321
Riverdale Chemical Co., 425 W. l94th St., Glenwood, IL 60425, (317) 780-1944
Rhone-Poulenc Ag Company, P.O. Box 12014, 2 T. W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, (919) 859-6070
SEPRO Corporation, 11550 N. Meridian St., Suite 200, Carmel, IN 46032, (800)419-7779
State Chemical Manufacturing Co., 3100 Hamilton Ave., Cleveland, OH 44114.
Uniroyal Chemical Co., Inc., 74 Amity Road, Bethany, CT 06524, (919) 848-9675
Zeneca Agricultural Products, Box 15458 Wilmington, DE. 19850-5458 or 1800 Concord Pike, Wilmington, DE 19897, (800) 759-2500
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